فصلنامه برنامه ریزی فضایی (جغرافیا)
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 45، تابستان 1401)

Statement of the Problem:

 Interactions and spatial flows are within and outside the territory among different life patterns (between cities, villages, and nomadic spatial actors) at the level of geographical areas, including nomadic ecosystems. In this regard, interactions and development of nomadic ecosystems affect both sides of heterogeneous areas form a level of spatial integration, and provide a platform for innovation and creativity for sustainable spatial development planning.

The present study, in the framework of the network paradigm with emphasis on the regional network approach, seeks to analyze the patterns of spatial interactions in the nomadic ecosystem of the Babadi Bab Bakhtiari tribe.

The present research was applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method. The method of data collection according to the nature of the research was library and field visits based on the number of spatial actors (summer-winter quarters) at the ecological level. The required data were collected using a questionnaire and the questioning technique. Then, the spatial network analysis method (which is based on the social network analysis method) was used. In the framework of this method, the basic criteria of analysis are based on the framework of socio-spatial criteria (location, distance, scale, and power). The UCINET software was also used for data analysis.

Based on the findings and the four criteria studied by socio-spatial actors in the ecosystem, spatial interaction patterns lacked integration. In this sense, the division of spatial labor has been spontaneous (without planning) in such a way that the flow center of the people is limited. Therefore, the middle centers (Mianbandha) ranked first and the cities of Chelgard, Farsan, Lali, and Sheikh Ali Khanranks ranked second, third, fourth, and fifth in the patterns of spatial interactions inside and outside the socio-spatial bio-realm. Influenced by the type and nature of the flow of people, the daily migration of nomads is subject to the centralized pattern (single-center) and one-way spatial interactions, and the seasonal migration of nomads follows the decentralized pattern (multi-center) and two-way spatial interactions. The later migration is far from the pattern of network spatial interactions because in most spatial actors, two-way links are established apparently.

Innovation: 

In this study, the analysis of spatial interaction patterns affected by the type and nature of people within the nomadic ecosystem and the relationship of the entire ecosystem with cities and villages, was considered spatially. In addition, following the discovery of the visible and hidden relationships of spatial actors of the nomadic ecosystem, people flow indices are categorized under the conceptual relationships of the combined elements of human relationship geography and social networks in order to analyze spatial interaction patterns in a dynamic network. 

Understanding the spatial development of urban systems is a complex and controversial issue. The physical growth of cities creates different spatial patterns which could lead to economic, social, and ecological effects. The purpose of this study is to identify and model the factors affecting the building density of Hamadan. The present study has analyzed the changes in density types and their spatial changes in the neighborhoods of Hamadan with a descriptive-exploratory and survey approach. According to the results of spatial concentration, residential densities and population are seen as scattered spots in the city, especially in the western and southeastern parts. The pattern of spatial concentration of building density in the city of Hamedan is a cluster that is mostly seen as a semicircle on the southern edge of the central core. The entropy coefficient obtained for all indicators and variables shows their almost balanced distribution in urban neighborhoods, which is less observed in the building density index. The slope of the line has also been decreasing for both building and population densities, that is, their values are decreasing with the distance from the city center. Also, using Geographical Weight Regression (GWR) analysis, the effect of each of the independent variables in building density modeling in different parts of the city has been determined.

Problem Definition: 

The city of Taleghan has experienced uninformed landuse and environmental degradation for many years due to its unique geographical location, thus facing environmental instability conditions.

The aim of the present study was feeling the need to preserve the environment of this sensitive urban area and reduce the destructive environmental effects of land use change.

First, the ecological sources of the study area, such as slope, height, soil, vegetation, etc., were prepared. Then, data analysis was done to assess the ecological capability of the region. After that, the process of assessing the ecological capability of the area was followed according to Makhdoom’s model. Finally, the optimal land use was determined according to the power of each environmental unit of the area and the desirable status of land use in the study area.

The highest area under study had a slope of less than 1-9 %, which was consistent with those of the alluvial deposits and flood plains. At present, the maximum extent of the study area was field and then agricultural use. According to the ecological capability of the region, a rangeland area could be converted to agricultural and residential applications. The highest suitable area for agricultural use was in the order range of 2 and 3, while most of the area was in the next order range of 2 and 3. Taleghan City and its district villages were located in the suitability range for urban development.

Innovation:

 The aim of this study was the integration of environmental and urban metrics to extract the optimal land uses in the political domain of Taleghan City. 

Statement of Problem: 

Security directly and indirectly affects all aspects of citizens' lives. One of the most important aspects of security is the feeling of social security, which includes financial, life, job, and economic, and moral securities, etc. Examining how the state of social security feels and the key drivers that affect it was the main issue of the present study.

 The purpose of this study was to assess the indicators of feeling of social security and identify the key drivers that affect it in urban spaces. This was a case study in Ravansar City in Kermanshah Province.

 The present quantitative and applied research was done with a combination of descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods. To achieve the research objectives, a combination of the opinions of citizens (364 people) and experts and specialists (30 people) was used. The main tool for data collection was a combination of a researcher-made questionnaire and the Delphi technique. To analyze the collected data SPSS and MicMac software was utilized.

 The results showed that the average values of 2.692, 2.769, 2.6, 2.66, and 2.507 obtained for the dimensions of financial, occupational, and economic securities, moral, value, and cultural securities, and family security were significantly lower than the average base, respectively. Also, the variable of life safety with the value of 3.023 was not significantly different from its mean base. The results of the study of the general state of social security showed that the obtained average value of 2.788 was significantly lower than its average base. The results showed that the key drivers of social security affecting the feeling of social security were as follows: life satisfaction, good urban governance, income, trust, police performance, quality of physical environment, social cohesion, access to essential services and welfare, and performance of responsible institutions.

Innovation: 

Identifying urban management as the link and main element of providing citizens’ sense of social security, which depends on their conscious participation in the selection of urban managers, was the innovation of the present study.

Problem definition:

 Today, smart growth approach has an extremely important role in rural sustainable development. This approach aims at improving the quality of human life and responding to social-economic, environmental, and physical problems. It can pave the way for rural management, optimal use of facilities, and solve rural problems. Indeed, the smart growth approach can provide a way out of instability and achieving sustainable development in rural areas.

 The aim of this study was to investigate the status of smart growth components in the rural settlements of Jiroft County.

 The required data were collected by using a questionnaire and various pieces of software were used to analyze them. This research was based on a descriptive-survey method with an applied purpose. Also, documentary and field methods were utilized to collect the information. The sample population of this research included the residents of 18 villages with a population of more than 1000 people in Jiroft County in Kerman Province. Using Cochran's formula, 131 households and 261 people were selected and randomly surveyed. To achieve the research objectives, SPSS, AHP, GRA, and GIS software was applied.

 Based on the results obtained from the structural model of Smart PLS, transportation and communications (0.723) had the greatest impacts on the formation of smart growth in the study area. Afterwards, the indicators of physical texture improvement, environmental quality improvement, local community sustainability, local economic sustainability, quality of housing, and compact development were ranked with 0.715, 0.707, 0.706, 0.704, 0.626, and 0.459. The results of spatial analysis showed that the highest ranks of rural settlement were related to the villages of Aliabad, Dolatabad, Dubneh, Hosseinabad Dehdar, Ismaili Sofla, and Gulab Sufian Sofla and the lowest ranks were related to the villages of Tarj, Kenar Sandal, Narjo, and Soghdar based on the intelligent growth indicators. In general, the results revealed that the smart growth approach had a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of the studied rural settlements.

Innovation: 

In the present study, for the first time, the issue of effective components on the formation of home-grown growth in the sustainable development of rural settlements was addressed by using applied models.

Problem definition: 

Rural governance is a new process in the rural management system, which has different principles, criteria, and indicators, as well as many players in the rural field.

 The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the influence of Shura, Dehiari, Agricultural Jihad, Housing Foundation, etc. in the rural governance of Ardabil County.

 This research was practical in terms of purpose with a descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population included 30 experts and specialists in the rural field. The sampling method was targeted at the beginning and followed by snowball sampling. Mactor software was used to analyze the issue. 9 actors and 9 targets were analyzed in the software and the degrees of effectiveness, competitiveness, convergence, agreement, and divergence between the actors were investigated.

 The results showed that the actors’ performances played an important role in determining and achieving goals. The highest number of effects (111) was related to social networks. The highest level of competitiveness (2.05) was related to social networks. The goal of governance accountability also had the highest level of agreement between the actors.

Innovation: 

In this research, for the first time, analysis of the key factors of rural governance was done by using the Mactor technique.

Problem definition:

 Geomorphic phenomena have a primary impact on the locations, dispersions, spheres of influence, physical developments, and morphologies of settlements. In other words, geomorphic units and topographic elements are very important in physical development of settlemenets and play a significant role in the spatial distribution patterns of cities, as well as influencing the morphologies, constructions, and textures of them. Accordingly, location, orientation of mountains, and the type of landform have an undeniable role in issues such as urban construction and urban population movement. Nowadays, the increase in human population has created an increasing need to land occupation around residential areas; this is closely related to the geomorphic indicators of each area. Then, if the process of creating new settlements is formed with no proportion to natural capacities and facilities, it will create adverse effects and results in the physical-biological problems of cities, such as natural hazards, which cause disturbing the balance of the environment and disrupting services. Evidence of hazards in recent years show that most developing countries, especially in their rural areas, have high-risk physical structures that are often vulnerable to hazards. Therefore, based on various studies, there is a close relationship between geomorphological components and human settlements. These components have sometimes caused the growths and developments or emergence and expansions of settlement centers, which have sometimes appeared to be dangerous and repulsive. Therefore, recognizing the natural environment characteristics and the features and capabilities of landforms is important and necessary for identifying suitable and sustainable points for the creation and development of human settlements.

 The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the roles of geomorphic features and components in the formations, developments, evolution, and patterns of settlements around Shirkuh Mountain in the arid and warm region of Central Iran.

 To do this research, topographic and geological maps, Google Earth images, and, most importantly, field studies and observations were used. This study was based on descriptive phenomenological method. Accordingly, geomorphological factors, including altitude, direction, and lithology, geomorphic features, including fluvial landforms, such as alluvial plains, alluvial fans, plains, lake and river terraces, and glacial landforms like cirques, valleys, and glacial terraces were surveyed and analyzed. Then the role of each factor in the creation, development, and transformation of the settlements was studied and evaluated.

 The results showed a different settlement pattern on the northern and southern slopes, as well as the western and eastern slopes of Shirkouh. Most of the settlements of the southern slopes were located at high altitudes between 2450-2550 m along the ice-water equilibrium line. However, the settlement range elevation on the northern slopes varied between 1700 and 1650 m, while fluvial landforms, such as river terraces, alluvial fans, and pediments, had not played a role in the formations of these settlements even with relatively good water resources unlike most other parts of Iran and the world. The settlement on glacial landforms at altitudes above 2000 m probably dated back to very dry and hot periods and the settlement on the edge of the current playa depression referred to the Late Quaternary cold periods. The formations and developments of settlements in the two completely different environments and climatic conditions, namely the high altitudes and the margins of the downstream depressions, indicated a climate change and consequently vertical displacements of the settlements along the Holocene. The results also revealed that other factors, such as geographical direction, altitude, slope, and lithology, had played an effective role in the densities and developments of these settlements.

Innovation:

 This study showed that the alluvial fans had never been used to build a settlement anywhere in the study area until the last 3 decades due to heavy rainfall and heavy flooding. Although according to previous studied, most of the settlements in Iran, whether urban or rural settlements, especially in the central and eastern parts, have been located on alluvial fans, even the prehistoric settlements. Also, this study showed that glacial landforms located at the high altitudes had been the most desirable place for the creation and transformation of settlements due to specific climatic reasons.